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Crystal facet engineering of Sn coating toward dendrite-free Zn deposition for ultra-stable aqueous zinc batteries
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtener.2026.102357.png)
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Abstract
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Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their high theoretical capacity, intrinsic safety, and low cost. However, Zn anodes suffer from dendritic growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion, which severely limit their practical application. Here, we propose a crystal facet engineering strategy based on reaction kinetic modulation and facet-selective adsorbents. By employing Sn precursors with different valence states (Sn4+ and Sn2+) coupled with tailored surfactants (SDS and CTAB), textured Sn layers with controlled crystallographic orientations, such as Sn(101) and Sn(200), are successfully constructed on Zn foil through a simple displacement reaction. Systematic studies reveal that the Sn(200)-textured layer exhibits optimal Zn-binding energy, high surface energy, and superior electrolyte wettability, which collectively lower the Zn nucleation barrier, promote Zn2+ desolvation, homogenize interfacial ion flux, and effectively suppress electrode-electrolyte side reactions. As a result, the Zn/Sn(200) symmetric cells demonstrate an ultralow voltage hysteresis (<49.7 mV) and stable cycling over 2000 h. When paired with the V6O13 cathodes, the full cells retain about 80.3% capacity after 10000 cycles at a high current of 10 A g−1 (24 C).
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