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Deciphering Thermal Failure in Lithium Metal Batteries: Mechanism Elucidation and Mitigation Strategies
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PRE
AI
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F
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X
王
M
Z
Y
T
H
DOI：10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105456.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The rapid growth of low-altitude aviation and robotics industries has driven demand for next-generation lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) with an energy density of 500 Wh/kg or higher. However, inherent safety concerns particularly the risk of thermal runaway (TR) in such high-energy-density systems remain a fundamental challenge and technical barrier to a large-scale practical deployment. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of material science and mechanistic insights into the safety issues of advanced lithium-metal batteries, as well as engineering strategies for mitigating associated safety risks. Several topics include: 1) The intrinsic physical, chemical, and electrochemical stability of lithium metal anodes; 2) Thermo-electrochemical decomposition pathways which govern thermal runaway initiation and propagation; 3) A systematic catalog of contemporary mitigation strategies spanning advanced materials chemistry and innovative battery system design. By linking the intrinsic physicochemical properties of metallic Li with interfacial reactions, morphology-induced electrical failure, gas evolution, and electrode crosstalk, this review offers a general guidance to systematic mechanistic understanding of safety risks and state-of-the-art mitigation strategies for Li-metal batteries. Future research should prioritize the development of thermally stable Li electrodes, safer electrolytes and separators, and charge–discharge protocols that suppress dendrite formation, together with operando identification of thermal-failure pathways and the integration of responsive sensing, standardized thermal datasets, and data-driven prediction for practical early warning and battery-management intervention.
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