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Defect-Free P2-Type Layered KxMnO2 Cathode Material for Anode-Free Potassium-Ion Battery
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DOI：10.1002/sstr.202500650.png)
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Abstract
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Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) require cathodes that combine structural robustness with fast K+ transport and scalable manufacturing. Here, P2-type KMO is developed using fast and efficient microwave heating process with controlled crystallite sizes (≈30–60 nm) and high crystallinity for Anode-Free K-ion batteries. In situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman track reversible ‘breathing’ of the layered framework-00l reflections shift smoothly to lower 2θ on charge (c ≈ 12.6 → 12.8 Å) and return on discharge, with no persistent new phases-evidence for mainly solid-solution K+ (de)intercalation. In K-ion half-cells, the cathode delivers 91.3 mAh g−1 with good rate capability; galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) (10−11–10−9 cm2 s−1) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirm favorable K+ kinetics. Importantly, the material is further evaluated in an anode-free K-ion battery using carbon cloth as the current collector, achieving 83.5 mAh g−1 initially and 73.6% retention after 50 cycles with >99% Coulombic efficiency. The modest performance gap relative to half-cells is attributed to limited K inventory and interfacial losses, indicating clear avenues for optimization. Microwave synthesis thus offers an efficient route to KMO compatible with both conventional and anode-free operation.
Keywords:
anode free design
defect-free
layered oxide cathode
potassium ion battery
rapid synthesis
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