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Densification pathways in cold sintering of ceramics: A comprehensive review
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DOI：10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118709.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
To overcome the energy consumption and material compatibility limitations associated with traditional high-temperature sintering, the cold sintering process (CSP) is a novel method for material densification at low temperatures, utilizing transient liquid-phase assistance and uniaxial pressure. This paper provides a review of the origins, four implementation pathways, densification mechanisms, and the advantages and challenges of CSP. These pathways include: sintering assisted by dissolution of soluble particles, soluble densification additives, reactive precursor solvents, and in situ chemical reactions. The review analyzes the densification mechanisms, which are driven by a “dissolution–reprecipitation” process and supported by plastic deformation. The advantages of CSP in energy savings and the integration of multifunctional materials are discussed, along with the challenges posed by material limitations and complex mechanisms. By examining representative research and case studies, this paper aims to provide guidance and support for expanding the application of CSP in functional ceramics and green manufacturing.
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