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Design and analysis of all-optical digital MUX 2 × 1 and MUX 4 × 1 based on photonic crystals
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DOI：10.1007/s11082-026-09030-9.png)
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Abstract
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The paper introduces the design, analysis, and simulation of all-optical 2 × 1 and 4 × 1 multiplexer based on photonic crystal structures. Photonic crystals offer precise control over light propagation through intentionally engineered defects, making them well-suited for compact and high-performance optical signal processing devices. The proposed 2 × 1 multiplexer occupies a dimension of 52 µm × 40 µm, while the 4 × 1 configuration has dimensions of 126 µm × 85 µm. Both designs are implemented using a 2-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a lattice constant of 630 nm and dielectric rods of refractive index 3.4 embedded in air. The calculated photonic bandgap spans the normalized frequency range from 0.32 to 0.43. The operational performance and functionality of the designed multiplexers are evaluated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, while the photonic band structure is analyzed through the plane wave expansion (PWE) technique. The simulation results confirm the feasibility, compactness, and efficient operation of the proposed designs, highlighting their potential suitability for future photonic integrated circuits and all-optical communication systems.
Keywords:
Photonic crystals
Optical MUX
Digital logic gates
PCRR
Optical combination circuit
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