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Design, Synthesis and Thermal Performance Studies of rGO-Incorporated TiO2–CuO Ternary Nanofluids
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DOI：10.1007/s10973-026-15994-3.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Efficient thermal management remains a challenge, limiting the efficiency of heat exchange systems due to the low thermal conductivity of traditional fluids. This study presents a novel ternary nanofluids comprising TiO2–CuO nanoparticles and 2D- rGO to overcome this issue. The ternary nanofluids were prepared at vol. concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% for TiO2/CuO, as well as 0.05% TiO2/CuO + rGO in mixing ratios of 90:10 and 80:20, and their thermal conductivity and viscosity were measured in the temperature range of 30–60 °C. Furthermore, the convective heat transfer behavior of ternary nanofluids was experimentally investigated in a U-bent double-pipe heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions, in the Re.no range of 2000–11,000. The results revealed that the 0.05 vol.% TiO2/CuO + rGO (80:20) ternary nanofluids exhibited the highest enhancement in heat transfer. This formulation exhibits a thermal conductivity enhancement of 67.7% at 60 °C, a maximum Nusselt number improvement of 52.94%, and an overall heat transfer coefficient increase of 26.86% relative to water. However, the pressure drop increases due to higher viscosity. The synergistic interaction between TiO2, CuO, and 2D- rGO nanoparticles is responsible for the enhanced thermal transport and fluid dynamics characteristics. In addition, the thermal performance of the ternary nanofluids was optimized using a machine learning approach. The polynomial regression model validates the results that the model has R2 values (0.9869–0.9973) and low RMSE values (0.0072–0.0124) and that there is an excellent agreement between experimental results and predicted results of the model. It is understood that the 0.05 vol.% TiO2/CuO + rGO (80:20) formulation exhibited the maximum thermal performance factor (TPF = 1.772) at a Re. no of 11,000, owing to the effective synergistic interaction between the nanoparticles.
Keywords:
2D materials
Fabrication
Thermal conductivity
Nusselt’s number
Heat transfer rate
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3.1
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1.8W
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3.2W
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