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Detection of Undeclared EV Charging Events in a Green Energy Certification Scheme
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DOI：10.1109/tiv.2026.3713751.png)
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Abstract
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The green potential of electric vehicles (EVs) can be fully realized only if their batteries are charged using energy generated from renewable (i.e. green) sources. For logistic or economic reasons, however, EV drivers may be tempted to avoid charging stations certified as providing green energy, instead opting for conventional ones, where only a fraction of the available energy is green. This behaviour may slow down the achievement of decarbonisation targets of the road transport sector. In this paper, we use GPS data to infer whether an undeclared charging event has occurred. Specifically, we construct a Bayesian hypothesis test for the charging behaviour of the EV. Extensive simulations are carried out for an area of London, using the mobility simulator, SUMO, and exploring various operating conditions. Excellent detection rates for undeclared charging events are reported. We explain how the algorithm can serve as the basis for an incentivization scheme, encouraging compliance by drivers with green charging policies.
Keywords:
Electric vehicle (EV)
off-shoring
green energy certification
incentivization scheme
undeclared ev charging
state-of-charge (SoC)
global positioning system (GPS)
SUMO
Bayesian hypothesis testing
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