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Differential Expression of GDF-15, PSAP, and COL6A1 in Prostate Cancer Cells and TNMplot-Based Clinical Tissue Specimens of Prostate Cancer Adenocarcinoma
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DOI：10.17576/jsm-2026-5504-09.png)
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Abstract
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Distinguishing aggressive from indolent prostate cancer remains a key clinical challenge. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used for diagnosis, its low sensitivity and specificity limit its ability to predict tumour aggressiveness. This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of selected protein biomarkers, including growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), prosaposin (PSAP), and collagen-alpha 1 (VI) chain (COL6A1), in prostate cancer cells (primary and metastatic) and tumour tissue samples. The immunocytochemical (ICC) analysis showed distinct expression patterns of these proteins across different prostate cancer cell lines, with GDF-15 being highly expressed in lymph node metastatic (LNCaP) cells. In contrast, PSAP and COL6A1 were primarily expressed in primary (22Rv1) and bone metastatic (PC-3) cells. The western blot analysis confirmed differential expression of GDF-15, PSAP, and COL6A1 across prostate cancer cell lines, with GDF-15 showing higher expression in LNCaP cells, whereas PSAP and COL6A1 were highly expressed in PC-3 cells. TNMplot analysis showed that the GDF-15 gene was significantly upregulated in primary and metastatic prostate cancer tissues compared to non-tumour samples and was also markedly overexpressed in colon adenocarcinoma. Similarly, PSAP expression was elevated in primary prostate tumours relative to non-tumour tissues, with significantly higher levels observed in hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, COL6A1 was consistently downregulated in prostate cancer tissues and across several other malignancies. These results suggest that GDF-15 may serve as a broad-spectrum cancer biomarker, whereas PSAP and COL6A1 may be associated with disease progression and metastatic behaviour. However, further studies are needed to validate their potential clinical applications as a biomarker.
Keywords:
Prostate cancer
proteinbiomarkers
GDF-15
PSAP
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