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Directional pore structure governs compressive anisotropy in 3D printed concrete
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106640.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
3D printed concrete produced from an identical mixture exhibits distinct compressive strengths under different printing paths. This anisotropy originates from printing-induced pore alignment that alters load transfer. Scalar porosity and qualitative interlayer descriptors lack loading-direction resolution and cannot capture direction-specific strength penalties or in-plane strength re-ranking. To address this gap, a loading-direction-resolved pore directional index is developed to link pore elongation, area weighting, and orientation to direction-specific defect severity. Specimens produced with four representative printing paths and a cast control are investigated using a fixed mixture. Directional compressive strengths along x, y, and z are quantitatively linked to pore structure on x–z and y–z sections. This mechanism is validated using image-informed finite-element models of reconstructed pore-scale representative volume elements subjected to directional compression. The simulated strength ratios agree with experiments, with maximum relative errors of 13.69% (x–z) and 9.42% (y–z), demonstrating that pore structure controls printing path-dependent anisotropy.
Keywords:
3D concrete printing
Compressive anisotropy
Pore structure
Printing path
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