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Do patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the outpatient setting have better self-reported outcomes? A propensity-weighted multicenter registry study
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DOI：10.3171/2026.1.FOCUS251102.png)
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVE Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is commonly performed in both inpatient and outpatient settings. In this study, the authors evaluate the influence of surgical setting on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), satisfaction, dysphagia, and complications following ACDF. METHODS A prospectively collected, multi-institutional quality improvement registry was retrospectively reviewed. Patients eligible for study inclusion were those who underwent ACDF without corpectomy or arthroplasty between 2016 and 2023. The patients were stratified by surgery setting, with same-day discharge indicating outpatients and an overnight stay indicating inpatients. PROMs were collected preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Patient satisfaction was measured using the North American Spine Society (NASS) outcome assessment questionnaire, and dysphagia was measured using the 10-item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). Propensity score overlap weighting (average treatment effect in the overlap population) was used to balance baseline covariates. RESULTS Of the 1514 patients who underwent ACDF, 462 were inpatients and 1052 were outpatients. The outpatient cohort was younger (55.1 +/- 10.7 vs 60.5 +/- 11.0 years, p < 0.001), had higher rates of private insurance (73% vs 52%, p < 0.001), had a lower mean American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (2.3 +/- 0.6 vs 2.6 +/- 0.6, p < 0.001), and underwent more single-level surgeries (53% vs 33%, p < 0.001). Propensity weighting resulted in comparable mean ages (58.9, p > 0.9) and ASA classes (2.5, p = 0.8) as well as private insurance rates (56%, p > 0.9) between the cohorts. After weighting, the inpatient cohort had a higher share of single-level fusions (46% vs 37%, p = 0.007). An outpatient status was associated with significantly better 12-month numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for neck pain (2.4 +/- 2.7 vs 3.1 +/- 3.0, p = 0.006), NRS scores for arm pain (1.7 +/- 2.6 vs 2.2 +/- 3.0, p = 0.047), and Neck Disability Index (NDI; 7.7 +/- 7.8 vs 9.8 +/- 9.4, p = 0.004) and greater improvement from baseline to 12 months on the NDI (-12.5 +/- 9.7 vs-10.8 +/- 10.5, p = 0.017), EQ-5D (0.242 +/- 0.220 vs 0.209 +/- 0.226, p = 0.047), and EQ visual analog scale (10.6 +/- 21.6 vs 7.1 +/- 20.8, p = 0.012). Fewer outpatients reported dysphagia at 3 months postoperatively (31% vs 40%, p = 0.010). No differences were observed in readmissions or revision procedures, although fewer outpatients experienced new neurological deficits (1.0% vs 2.6%, p = 0.032) and pneumonia (< 0.1% vs 0.9%, p < 0.001). In terms of the 12-month NASS outcome assessment, a smaller proportion of the outpatient cohort reported the lowest satisfaction score (3.9% vs 8.0%, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Outpatient setting was associated with better PROMs at the 12-month follow-up when patients were weighted by baseline health status. These findings support the efficacy of outpatient ACDF in appropriately selected patients.
Keywords:
ambulatory surgery center
anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
inpatient
outpatient
patient-reported outcome measures
propensity score weighting
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