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Does the type of zirconia cleaners affect adhesion of resin cement to saliva contaminated zirconia?
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2026.104349.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study evaluated the effectiveness of three commercial zirconia cleaning agents in improving shear bond strength (SBS) between resin cement and zirconia surfaces after saliva contamination, considering the influence of prior air-particle abrasion and aging. Zirconia specimens were assigned according to surface treatment (with or without air-particle abrasion) and cleaning protocol: control, water spray, Ivoclean, Katana Cleaner, ZirClean, and air-particle abrasion. Following saliva contamination, cleaning procedures were performed according to manufacturers' instructions, and resin cement cylinders (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc.) were bonded to the zirconia surfaces. SBS was evaluated under Dry and thermocycling conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Reliability was assessed using Weibull analysis, failure modes were classified under stereomicroscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted to characterize cleaner composition and detect possible surface residues. Surface treatment, cleaning protocol, and their interaction significantly affected SBS in both conditions (p < 0.001). Cleaning procedures improved adhesion even in non-contaminated control specimens. Air-particle abrasion produced the highest SBS values regardless of the cleaner applied. Without prior abrasion, Ivoclean demonstrated superior bond durability after thermocycling compared with the other cleaning protocols. Weibull analysis indicated similar reliability among groups in the Dry condition and increased variability after aging. Failure types were predominantly adhesive across groups. EDS confirmed compositions consistent with cleaner formulations and revealed no detectable cleaner residues on zirconia surfaces. Zirconia cleaning agents enhanced adhesion even without visible contamination, while air-particle abrasion remained the most influential factor for bonding performance and durability.
Keywords:
Adhesion
Air-particle abrasion
Bond strength
Cleaning agents
Dental materials
Surface contamination
Surface treatment
Zirconia
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