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Driving under time pressure: Driver state and behavior changes with limited time savings in complex road networks-A naturalistic time-incentive study with young male drivers
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DOI：10.1016/j.trf.2025.103483.png)
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Abstract
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When driving under time pressure, drivers often adjust their behavior to save travel time. Understanding these changes is important for evaluating their potential impacts on traffic safety and travel efficiency. This study examines how time pressure affects driving behavior, physiological responses, and travel time in complex urban road environments. Thirty-two young drivers completed two naturalistic driving tasks representing low and high time-pressure conditions on routes containing traffic-light-dense and non-dense segments. The driving behavior (speed, over-speeding frequency, and lane-changing frequency), physiological indicators (heart rate and skin conductance level), and travel time were recorded. The results show that time pressure led to significantly more assertive driving behaviors, with higher speeds and increased overspeeding and lane-changing frequency under high time pressure. By contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in both the heart rate and skin conductance levels across the roadway segments. The effects of time pressure on the travel time were highly context dependent: no meaningful time savings occurred on traffic-light-dense segments, whereas small but measurable reductions were achieved on non-dense segments. These findings indicate that although time pressure reliably intensifies driving behavior, actual efficiency gains are limited and strongly constrained by roadway signal density. This evidence supports efforts in traffic safety policy and driver education to recalibrate drivers' expectations regarding the effectiveness of assertive driving under time pressure.
Keywords:
Time efficiency
Urban traffic safety
Traffic light density
Road safety
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