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Dual-function regulation of hydration and strain hardening in high-strength ECC incorporating circulating fluidized bed slag
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106647.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study investigates the feasibility and underlying mechanisms of incorporating circulating fluidized bed slag (CFBS) as a supplementary cementitious material in high-strength engineered cementitious composites (ECC). ECC mixtures with varying CFBS replacement ratios (0–30%) were prepared under a low water-to-binder ratio and reinforced with polyethylene fibers. A comprehensive multi-scale experimental program was conducted, integrating mechanical testing with advanced characterization techniques, including isothermal calorimetry, digital image correlation (DIC), X-ray computed tomography (CT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results indicate that an appropriate CFBS incorporation significantly enhances the mechanical performance and strain-hardening behavior of ECC. At an optimal CFBS content of 10%, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths reached 128.90 MPa, 21.33 MPa, and 7.78 MPa, respectively, corresponding to increases of 9.8%, 29.1%, and 32.5% compared with the reference mixture. Hydration analysis reveals that CFBS induces a distinctive double-peak heat evolution behavior and promotes sustained ettringite formation, contributing to a more regulated hydration process. DIC measurements demonstrate improved strain distribution and crack control capacity, while CT visualization confirms a more uniform microcrack network and refined fracture morphology. Microstructural investigations further reveal matrix densification through the enhanced formation of Al/Si-enriched C-(A)-S-H gels and improved fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. In contrast, excessive CFBS replacement (30%) leads to matrix heterogeneity and increased porosity, resulting in mechanical degradation. These findings elucidate the role of CFBS in tailoring hydration kinetics, microstructure evolution, and fiber–matrix interactions in ECC, providing a scientific basis for the design of high-performance and low-carbon ECC incorporating industrial by-products.
Keywords:
circulating fluidized bed slag
engineered cementitious composites
hydration kinetics
strain-hardening behavior
microstructure evolution
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