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Dynamic model of alkaline electrolyzer validated for potential electric grid frequency balancing
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DOI：10.1016/j.seta.2026.105275.png)
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Abstract
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This study presents a process-level dynamic model of an alkaline electrolyzer developed in Aspen HYSYS for assessing transient load-following behavior relevant to potential grid-support studies. The model combines an experimentally derived voltage–current–temperature map with lumped thermal dynamics, electrolyte and gas-flow balances, separator inventories, and hydrogen and oxygen pressure dynamics. The model was parameterized and assessed using experimental polarization data, pressure build-up measurements, and a thermal transient from a reference electrolyzer. For the pressure build-up dataset at shared current levels of 6–15 A, the model achieved an RMSE of 1.91 min, a mean absolute error of 1.52 min, and a maximum absolute deviation of 3.70 min. A separate simulation-only case demonstrates response to an imposed approximately 1 Hz load command while process temperatures, pressures, and separator levels remain bounded. The study does not include a grid-frequency model, converter dynamics, droop control, or experimental validation of rapid automated load following; it therefore establishes a validated process-model foundation for future grid-coupled control and frequency-support investigations rather than demonstrating grid-frequency balancing.
Keywords:
Dynamic model
Alkaline electrolyzer
Load following
Pressure dynamics
Grid-support assessment
Hydrogen production
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