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Early-stage local chemistry regulation enabling open-circuit voltage of 847 mV in wide-bandgap Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells
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DOI：10.1038/s41560-026-02111-9.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Wide-bandgap kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising top-cell candidate for tandem photovoltaics, yet its progress is limited by persistent open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficits. Previous reports of wide-bandgap CZTS solar cells have exhibited substantial VOC losses relative to the radiative limit, largely due to a mismatch between the designed global composition and the local chemistry formed during early crystallization, where elemental diffusion induces secondary phases and detrimental defects. Here we demonstrate a defect regulation strategy that stabilizes the local chemical environment and suppresses diffusion-induced secondary phases, therefore maintaining the desired crystallization environment and pathway. This approach promotes benign defects over detrimental ones, thereby reducing non-radiative recombination losses. Consequently, we achieve a certified champion VOC of 847 mV (65.3% of the radiative limit) and an efficiency of 12.4% in Cd-free wide-bandgap CZTS solar cells. This defect regulation strategy provides a generalized insight into the synthesis of multinary compound semiconductors. Elemental diffusion in Cu2ZnSnS4 induces secondary phases and defects, limiting the open-circuit voltage in associated solar cells. Wang et al. introduce two-stage copper incorporation to suppress copper out-diffusion, enabling 12.4% efficiency and an 874-mV open-circuit voltage in solar cells.
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