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Economic and thermodynamic assessment of a thermal energy storage–based heat pump system under electricity pricing, government incentives, and operating temperature conditions
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DOI：10.1016/j.est.2026.123836.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• A physics-based TES–heat pump model was validated with one-year field data. • An exergy-based levelized cost metric (LCOX) jointly evaluates heating and cooling. • TES capacity has a non-linear LCOX effect from off-peak and charging trade-offs. • Wider TES temperature range raises LCOX beyond an optimum, like the capacity effect. • Tariff reform and incentives, not temperature alone, secure TES economic feasibility.
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