Economic and thermodynamic assessment of a thermal energy storage–based heat pump system under electricity pricing, government incentives, and operating temperature conditions

Deuk-Won Kim

doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.123836

Economic and thermodynamic assessment of a thermal energy storage–based heat pump system under electricity pricing, government incentives, and operating temperature conditions

2026-08-07

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Deuk-Won Kim

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Jaehyeok Heo *

DOI：10.1016/j.est.2026.123836

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• A physics-based TES–heat pump model was validated with one-year field data. • An exergy-based levelized cost metric (LCOX) jointly evaluates heating and cooling. • TES capacity has a non-linear LCOX effect from off-peak and charging trade-offs. • Wider TES temperature range raises LCOX beyond an optimum, like the capacity effect. • Tariff reform and incentives, not temperature alone, secure TES economic feasibility.

Economic and thermodynamic assessment of a thermal energy storage–based heat pump system under electricity pricing, government incentives, and operating temperature conditions

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