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Effect of extraction parameters and supplementary cementitious materials on rapid determination of free chloride content in cement pastes
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconres.2026.108338.png)
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Abstract
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This study used the effects of extraction parameters such as liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), particle size of crushed samples, extraction time and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the free chloride content measured by the water extraction (WE) method in hardened cement pastes, using pore solution expression (PSE) method as the reference. The results show that the free chloride content measured by WE method is controlled not only by leaching of pore-solution chloride, but also by extraction-induced redistribution of bound chloride. In Portland cement pastes, increasing L/S ratio, decreasing particle size, and prolonging extraction time increased the measured free chloride content, mainly because OH− leaching promoted the decomposition of chemically bound chloride. Compared to PC, the SL- and MK-blended systems exhibited a lower chloride release of bound chloride from the solid phase, mainly due to reduced decomposition of chemically bound chlorides; consequently, the released chlorides were mainly derived from physically adsorbed chloride on C-(A)-S-H gel. At low chloride contents (0.5% and 1%), sulfate-chloride exchange in Kuzel's salt promoted FS formation and delayed decomposition of chemically bound chloride ions, whereas at high chloride content (2%), FS remained comparatively stable after extraction. Compared with PSE method in terms of accuracy, the free chloride content measured by the WE method for the SL- and MK-blended systems showed a relative deviation of less than 10%. RSM showed that particle size and extraction time were the most influential factors, followed by L/S ratio, and the optimized model predicted the WE method response with an error below 5%.
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