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Effect of land use change on soil aggregates and soil carbon inventories in the India’s eastern Himalaya
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DOI：10.3389/ffgc.2026.1895337.png)
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Abstract
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Change in land use systems can impact both soil structural stability and C storage; thereby influencing ecological security. We evaluated the long term effect of four agroforestry (AFS) land uses Som + Broom + Pineapple (SMBP); Alder + Pineapple (ADLP); Silver oak + Pineapple (GVLP) and Alder + Tea (ALDP) over abandoned cropland (CTNL) on the distribution of soil aggregates and different C forms under different aggregate sizes (micro; meso and macro). The CTNL had 8.41% to 40.63% higher micro aggregates while AFSs improved (p < 0.05) the macro aggregate by 0.36 to 1.73% and water stable aggregate by 1.16% to 3.86%. CTNL also showed significantly (p < 0.05) smaller mean weight diameter by 12.67% to 23.19% than the AFSs. The CTNL significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total organic carbon (TOC) by 19.7% to 24.1% compared to the AFSs. In general; macro and meso aggregates had 13% and 8% higher (p < 0.05) TOC than micro aggregates. The very labile (CVL); labile (CL); less labile (CLL) and non labile (CNL) contributed 30.2%–46.8%; 10.6%–15.1%; 12.2%–17.2% and 30.3%–38.7% of TOC; respectively; under different land uses. Compared with CTNL; AFSs enhanced soil carbon stock by 21.5 to 32.6 Mg C ha−1 with the GVLP exhibiting the highest carbon stock; demonstrating the potential of agroforestry for long-term carbon sequestration and soil restoration in the Eastern Himalaya. The aggregate size also affects the distribution of different soil carbon fractions. The study confirmed that long term adoption of AFSs can enhance soil C sequestration by increasing organic matter inputs that promote macroaggregation and physical protection of soil organic carbon. Further; aggregate-size distribution was found controlling C dynamics with larger aggregates serving as key sites for C incorporation; stabilization and long-term storage.
Keywords:
restoration
particle size
soil aggregation
carbon content
land use effect
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