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Effect of water immersion time on nanoindentation creep behavior of marl
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DOI：10.1007/s10064-026-05249-8.png)
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Abstract
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Hydro-mechanically coupled time-dependent rock deformation is critical for geological process understanding and engineering applications. To investigate the effect of water immersion duration on marl’s nanoindentation creep behavior, cyclic loading-unloading nanomechanical tests were conducted on Badong Formation marl under three hydration states (natural, 15 min and 48 h water immersion (WI)) and five loading levels. Natural marl exhibited abnormal creep behavior: negative steady-state creep dominated by elastic recovery under low loads and positive creep under high loads, attributed to coupled clay-related processes and micro-pore rebound. Prolonged immersion significantly enhanced creep response, while short-term immersion showed negligible differences from the natural state. Burgers model parameters confirmed water-induced material softening. Water immersion-induced water-rock interactions triggered mineralogical changes (calcite dissolution, clay mineral transformation, clastic mineral redistribution), which weakened the material structure. This study reveals that immersion duration modulates marl creep via mineral and microstructural evolution, providing critical insights for long-term deformation prediction and stability assessment in underground engineering.
Keywords:
Nanoindentation
Marl
Water immersion
Creep
Mineral transformation
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