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Effects of phosphorus-nitrogen containing flame retardants on the compostability of poly(lactic acid)
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DOI：10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2026.112085.png)
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Abstract
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• PLA with P-N containing FRs are compostable under industrial composting conditions • Physical disintegration occurs within 25–28 days for all FR-PLA formulations • Polyphosphate FRs influence PLA degradation kinetics, but not hinder biodegradation • Phytotoxicity testing indicates limited adverse effects of FR on compost quality • P-N FRs support fire-safe, circular-economy–aligned PLA biocomposites
Keywords:
poly(lactic acid)
phosphorus flame retardants
phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants
composting
biodegradation
sustainable polymers
ecotoxicity
degradation
circular economy
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