Electrode fouling by extracellular proteins, rather than direct protection of algae, governs nanotip-enhanced electroporation failure in mesotrophic blooms

2026-08-06

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Peirui Liu

Kun Li

Hong De Yan

Zhanfei He *

Qianjin Xiang

Xiangliang Pan *

DOI：10.1016/j.jece.2026.124511

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• Mesotrophic EPS exhibits highest protein content and charge-transfer resistance (Rct). • Protein-induced electrode fouling, not algal protection, governs NEP efficacy. • EPS removal enhances algicidal efficiency by 88.45% under mesotrophic conditions. • A trophic-state-informed strategy directs NEP deployment and fouling mitigation.

Electrode fouling by extracellular proteins, rather than direct protection of algae, governs nanotip-enhanced electroporation failure in mesotrophic blooms

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