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Electromagnetic launcher and dedicated cooling system constructal design
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DOI：10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.112411.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
A mathematical model is proposed to obtain the dynamic thermal response of an electromagnetic launcher – EML (or rail gun) and dedicated cooling system (DCS) that is devised to operate in a notional all electric ship. Great challenges are posed by large heat generation during continuous shooting. Hence, a dedicated cooling system based on the vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle is coupled to the electromagnetic launcher. The volume element method (VEM) was the selected strategy to write the mathematical equations to obtain the system response, based on the mass and energy conservation principles, and known empirical and theoretical correlations. The computational efficiency advantage of the VEM model over traditional finite element method (FEM) models results from the fact that FEM and other local numerical methods (e.g., finite difference, finite volume) utilize partial differential equations that depend on space and time, whereas the VEM model discretizes the domain in volume elements (control volumes) of any size that produce only ordinary differential equations (ODE) with respect to time, and spatial dependency results directly from the established mesh. This is adequate for systems engineering optimization that does not require pointwise accuracy for the solution and clearly reduces computational time in comparison to the aforementioned methods. Numerical results show how the system thermally responds to a shooting scenario, as a function of selected EML-DCS design and operating parameters. The DCS internal structure (condenser, <span class="math">
<math>
<mi is="true">x</mi><mo is="true">=</mo><msub is="true">
<mi is="true">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">c</mi>
</msub><mo is="true">/</mo><mi is="true">A</mi>
</math></span> and evaporator, <span class="math">
<math>
<mn is="true">1</mn><mo is="true">−</mo><mi is="true">x</mi><mo is="true">=</mo><msub is="true">
<mi is="true">A</mi>
<mi is="true">e</mi>
</msub><mo is="true">/</mo><mi is="true">A</mi>
</math></span>, heat exchanger area fractions) and pressure ratio, <span class="math">
<math>
<msub is="true">
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">r</mi>
</msub><mo is="true">=</mo><msub is="true">
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">c</mi>
</msub><mo is="true">/</mo><msub is="true">
<mi is="true">p</mi>
<mi is="true">e</mi>
</msub>
</math></span>, are optimized to obtain two-way maximized refrigeration rate, coefficient of performance (COP), and second law efficiency, as well as to two-way minimized EML rail peak temperature, subject to constrained total heat transfer surface, A, and input compressor power, <span class="math">
<math>
<msub is="true">
<mover accent="true" is="true">
<mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">W</mi>
<mo stretchy="true" is="true">˜</mo>
</mover>
<mi mathvariant="italic" is="true">cp</mi>
</msub>
</math></span>. The dimensionless optimal parameter combination obtained from the two-way optimization was <span class="math">
<math>
<msub is="true">
<mfenced close=")" separators="," open="(" is="true">
<msub is="true">
<mi is="true">p</mi>
<mi is="true">r</mi>
</msub>
<mi is="true">x</mi>
</mfenced>
<mi mathvariant="italic" is="true">opt</mi>
</msub><mo is="true">=</mo><mfenced close=")" separators="," open="(" is="true">
<mn is="true">6.94</mn>
<mn is="true">0.54</mn>
</mfenced>
</math></span>, that led to the minimum peak rail temperature under the typical 10-shot-in-100-s operating scenario, i.e., <span class="math">
<math>
<msub is="true">
<mi is="true">T</mi>
<mrow is="true">
<mi is="true">S</mi>
<mn is="true">1</mn>
<mi is="true">S</mi>
<mn is="true">2</mn>
<mo is="true">,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="italic" is="true">peak</mi>
<mo is="true">,</mo>
<mi is="true">min</mi>
</mrow>
</msub><mo is="true">=</mo><mn is="true">420</mn><mspace width="0.25em" is="true"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal" is="true">K</mi>
</math></span>. The system structure morphs to the configuration that minimizes internal flow resistances, that leads to the current image that represents the dynamic evolution of such systems, i.e., constructal design.
Keywords:
Thermal management
Volume element model
All electric ship
Intermittent heat generation
Entropy generation minimization
Quasi steady model
AEMG
,
advanced electromagnetic gun
AES
,
all-electric ship
BAE
,
British aerospace
CCEMG
,
cannon caliber electromagnetic gun
DCS
,
dedicated cooling system
DSHE
,
disc-shaped heat exchanger
EMALS
,
electromagnetic aircraft launch system
EML
,
electromagnetic launcher
FEM
,
finite element method
GWP
,
global warming potential
LTE
,
local truncation error
ODE
,
ordinary differential equation
ODP
,
ozone depletion potential
STAR
,
transverse armature, rapid
VCR
,
vapor compression refrigeration
VEM
,
volume element method
Journal
IF:
6.4
Papers:
1.0W
Citations:
2.5W
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