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Elevated Carbon Dioxide Modifies Root Metabolic Activities and Sustains Wheat Grain Yield Under Drought Stress
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DOI：10.1007/s42729-026-03477-1.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Elevated carbon dioxide e[CO2] could enhance root metabolism, improving water uptake and growth during drought stress. However, the mechanisms by which root metabolic adjustments contribute to wheat yield stability under combined e[CO2] and drought remain unclear. The experiment was designed as a 3 way factorial ANOVA comprising of three replications. The factors included: (i) three wheat varieties (NARC-Super, Chakwal-50, and Pasban-13), (ii) carbon dioxide treatments (ambient carbon dioxide a[CO2] at 400 µmol mol− 1 and elevated carbon dioxide e[CO2] at 800 µmol mol− 1) and (iii) stress treatment (control and drought stress (from stem elongation to anthesis)). The results revealed that drought stress reduced the growth and grain yield of all wheat genotypes. Under e[CO2] conditions, the above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and grain yield exhibited comparatively smaller reduction than under a[CO2] during drought stress. e[CO2] also improved gaseous exchange aspects, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, net transpiration rate, and water use efficiency in all wheat genotypes under drought stress. Interestingly, activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were lower in response to e[CO2] levels as compared to a[CO2] levels. The reduction in other root enzymes, such as esterase, cell wall invertase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was more pronounced under e[CO2] conditions when compared to a[CO2]. In contrast, the activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, vacuolar invertase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and aldolase exhibited a lesser reduction under e[CO2] levels as compared to a[CO2] levels indicating greater metabolic resilience. Tonoplast ATPase exhibited the highest activity under e[CO2] during drought stress across all wheat genotypes. Overall, e[CO2] modulated root metabolism, helping to sustain growth and grain yield of wheat under drought stress. Understanding these metabolic adjustments can guide plant/crop breeders in developing wheat varieties with enhanced drought resilience.
Keywords:
Water deficit
Oxidative metabolism
Gaseous exchange
Root physiology
Invertase
Carbohydrate metabolism
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