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Empirical models for estimating small-strain dynamic properties of marine calcareous sand–silt mixtures
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DOI：10.1016/j.apor.2026.105036.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In this study, empirical models were developed to characterize the small-strain dynamic properties of Hormoz calcareous sand–silt mixtures, aiming to improve deformation prediction and site response analysis in calcareous environments. A total of 36 resonant column tests were conducted to investigate the effects of effective confining pressure (σ′), relative density (Dr), and fines content (FC) on shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D). The results indicated that σ′ was the dominant controlling factor across all FC, leading to increase G and G/Gmax and to reduce D. Dr primarily affected the magnitude of G, while its influence on G/Gmax and D remained limited within the investigated strain range. The effect of FC on Gmax was nonlinear, and a transitional FC was identified at FCth ≈ 25 %, indicating a shift from sand-controlled to fines-influenced behavior. At low FC (≈10 %), stiffness increased under high σ′, interpreted as a stress-dependent fabric effect, potentially associated with the migration of silt-sized particles into intra-particle voids of calcareous grains. Existing reference curves and empirical models, developed for siliceous sands, were shown to inadequately represent the dynamic response of calcareous sand–silt mixtures. Based on the experimental findings, two predictive models were proposed: (1) an improved Hardin–Black-type formulation for estimating Gmax as a function of void ratio, σ′, and FC; and (2) a modified hyperbolic model incorporating stress dependency through a reference strain function to predict G/Gmax, which was externally validated using independent datasets.
Keywords:
Shear modulus
Damping ratio
Calcareous sand-silt mixtures
Fines content
Hyperbolic model
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