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Endozoochory and ballistic dispersal: A new diplochory form promotes seed scattering
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DOI：10.1016/j.pld.2026.07.008.png)
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Abstract
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• We identify a novel biphasic seed dispersal mechanism (Ruminant-Enhanced Ballistic Dispersal, RED) in Phyllanthus emblica. • RED combines rumination-driven long-distance endozoochory with rumination-boosted explosive ballistic seed ejection from fruit pits. • Rumination by domestic goats transports P. emblica fruit pits a mean distance of 327 m (Phase I). • Rumination significantly enhances subsequent ballistic dispersal (Phase II) distance, sibling seed spacing and seed germination rate relative unassisted natural fruit fall. • Ruminants act as ecological engineers of seed biomechanics, extending the conceptual and operational definition of diplochory.
Keywords:
Phyllanthus emblica
Diplochory
Ruminant-enhanced ballistic dispersal
Endozoochory
Seed dispersal ecology
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