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Energy and thermo-hydraulic analysis of multi-configuration borehole heat exchanger fields: Insights from a large-scale geothermal plant
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DOI：10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102151.png)
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Abstract
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• Full-year operational data from a 120-borehole, 2.6 MW GSHP–BHE system is analyzed. • Geometry-normalized loading separates field-scale capacity from local borehole stress. • Winter borehole-scale loading converges across HX types at − 17.5 to − 19.0 W/m. • Local thermo-hydraulic efficiency follows E-Turbo > Double-U > Single-U based on ΔT reduction. • Summer recharge compensates only 25.5–28.4% of extraction, confirming annual imbalance.
Keywords:
Shallow geothermal energy
Borehole heat exchanger (BHE)
Thermo-hydraulic behaviour
Real operational data
Ground heat transfer
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