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Energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analyses of hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron systems with three types of fuel for direct heating
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DOI：10.1016/j.enconman.2026.122005.png)
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Abstract
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• H₂DRI-H achieves the highest 4E performance with energy efficiency of 57.33%. • CO₂ and H₂O in flue gas lower the thermodynamic driving force of H₂ reduction. • H₂DRI-B achieves the lowest specific CO₂ emissions (34.86 kg/t-DRI). • Methane-based heating shows the highest CO₂ emissions and poorest economic performance.
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