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Enhanced liquid yield and upgrading of almond shell pyrolysis over sonochemically synthesized Metal–ZnO catalysts
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DOI：10.1016/j.joei.2026.102652.png)
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Abstract
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• Sonochemically synthesized metal–ZnO catalysts enhanced liquid yield during the catalytic pyrolysis of almond shell biomass. • The Cu–ZnO catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic performance, increasing liquid yield by approximately 28% relative to non-catalytic pyrolysis. • Catalytic upgrading promoted selective deoxygenation while increasing aromatic and phenolic compounds in the bio-oil. • The catalyst-to-biomass ratio strongly influenced product distribution, with 1 wt% providing the most favorable balance between liquid yield and catalytic upgrading. • Metal–ZnO catalysts provided an effective strategy for producing upgraded bio-oil with improved chemical quality.
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