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Enhancement of growth performance, muscle nutrient composition, and nutritional value in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by guanidinoacetic acid-enriched diets
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DOI：10.1016/j.aninu.2026.03.007.png)
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Abstract
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The role of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in modulating nutritional value and muscle quality warrants attention, particularly given the scarcity of mechanistic studies in aquatic animals. A total of 450 healthy juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, aged approximately 76 d post-hatch, initial body weight 7.77 ± 0.14 g) were randomly distributed into 5 groups (3 replicates per group, 30 fish per replicate) to investigate the effects of dietary GAA supplementation at concentrations of 0, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 mg/kg on muscle nutritional value and quality, designated as groups G0, G3, G6, G12, and G24, respectively. After an 8-week feeding trial, dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased final body weight and protein efficiency ratio, and decreased feed conversion ratio compared to the G0 group (P < 0.05). Whole-body crude protein and crude lipid contents were significantly affected by dietary GAA supplementation, with the G6 group exhibiting significantly higher levels of total amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and essential amino acids than the G0 group (P < 0.05). In parallel, GAA supplementation significantly enhanced muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid deposition (P < 0.05), with linear increases observed for polyunsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid (P < 0.05), and a quadratic response for docosahexaenoic acid (P = 0.003). Notably, the G6 group exhibited the highest combined docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content (P = 0.011). Nutritional evaluation based on FAO/WHO standards confirmed that dietary GAA supplementation significantly improved essential amino acid index (EAAI; P < 0.001), with the highest value observed in the G6 group (72.806). Met + Cys was the first limiting amino acid across all GAA treatments. Moreover, GAA supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including gpat, srebp1, fas, and lpl, as well as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling-related genes, including tgf-β, tor, igf-1, and 4e-bp1, with the G6 group showing significantly higher expression levels than the G0 group (P < 0.05). Antioxidant analysis further revealed significantly lower malondialdehyde levels in the G6 group (P < 0.001). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg GAA effectively enhances growth performance, whole-body chemical composition, and muscle nutritional value in rainbow trout, likely through the coordinated regulation of amino acid utilization, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems.
Keywords:
Guanidinoacetic acid
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Growth performance
Nutrient composition
Nutritional value
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