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Environmental stochastic fluctuations lead to different evolutionary directions of strategies
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DOI：10.1016/j.chaos.2025.117178.png)
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Abstract
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• When payoff noise is weak, the evolutionary direction depends only on its means. • Weak selection can resist environmental fluctuations of a certain intensity. • Evolutionary direction shifts with rising noise variance under strong payoff noise. • The evolution characteristics can characterize the evolutionary direction. • Natural selection favors cooperation when variances of defection payoffs increase.
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