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Evaluating the PIRAA mechanism in undergraduate gerontological nursing: effects on knowledge, attitudes, and self-rated competencies
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DOI：10.1186/s12912-026-05209-3.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Rapid population aging challenges health-care systems and underscores the need for educational models that build gerontological competencies in nursing students. The Policy–Industry–Research–Application–Academic (PIRAA) mechanism is a multifaceted pedagogical framework integrated into an undergraduate gerontological nursing course. This study evaluated the effectiveness of PIRAA in improving nursing students’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-rated competencies. A one-group pre–post, quasi-experimental design was used with 82 third-year undergraduate nursing students. PIRAA was delivered across 18 weeks via didactic sessions, a group workshop, and a nursing-home visit. Outcomes were assessed pre/post using the Chinese versions of Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ), Kogan’s Attitudes toward Old People (KAOP) instrument, and a 32-item self-rated gerontological nursing competency scale. Paired-samples t tests evaluated within-person change. FAQ correct rate increased from 0.48 ± 0.14 to 0.53 ± 0.11 (t = 3.31; p = 0.001). KAOP score increased from 109.12 ± 13.61 to 112.98 ± 14.03 (t = 2.47, p = 0.016). Self-rated competency total score increased from 90.87 ± 23.31 to 106.59 ± 20.16 (t = 6.59, p < 0.001), with gains across core knowledge, core skills, and role development. Embedding PIRAA in an undergraduate course was associated with measurable improvements in gerontological knowledge, attitudes, and self-rated competencies. Future research should employ randomized controlled trials to strengthen causal inference, assess durability through longitudinal follow-up, examine generalizability across multiple sites, and consider strategies for integration into national nursing curricula to promote sustainable implementation. Not applicable.
Keywords:
Gerontological nursing
Educational innovation
Nursing students
Knowledge
Attitude
Competency
Aging
Older adults
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