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Evaluation of internal axial force in magnetostrictive smart composite bolts under various fabrication conditions
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102817.png)
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Abstract
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Magnetostrictive smart composites offer a promising route for developing intelligent fastening components that can self-sense internal stress. In this study, we develop and evaluate magnetostrictive composite bolts that sense internal axial force via changes in magnetic flux density through the inverse magnetostrictive effect. The bolts are fabricated by embedding FeCo wires in epoxy resin and then applying tensile and torsional prestresses to the bolts during fabrication to enhance their magnetic response. Fastening tests are conducted at various tightening torques to record axial strain and magnetic flux density. The effect of an external bias magnetic field during fastening is also examined. Theoretical and finite element analyses are performed, and predictions are compared with measurements to identify sensitivity-enhancing design conditions. Experiments demonstrate a monotonic relation between the tightening torque, axial strain, and magnetic flux density change, indicating that axial force can be estimated from magnetic measurements. Sensitivity increases with the applied bias field, with the response being amplified further by the introduced prestress. Fabrication prestress with an appropriate operational bias may support axial force sensing in magnetostrictive composite bolts. The findings offer initial guidance for the in situ preload monitoring of bolted joints.
Keywords:
Sensor node
Polymer matrix composites
Magnetostrictive materials
Internal axial force
Health monitoring
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