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Evolution and mechanisms of urban road collapse induced by subsurface breaches under flood conditions
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijtst.2025.10.010.png)
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Abstract
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Numerical simulation has proven to be an effective approach for analyzing urban road collapses under flood conditions. The evolution and mechanisms of urban road collapses induced by subsurface breaches under flood conditions were investigated by a bidirectionally coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) approach. The results showed that the evolution of road collapses followed a three-stage process: initial slow evolution, rapid collapse, and stabilization. During the initial stage, particles were gradually lost. During the rapid collapse stage, soil arching failure occurred, leading to a sharp increase in the particle volume loss rate Rv, which peaked when the particle boundary penetrated the breach. During the stabilization stage, the collapse decelerated as the particle boundary progressively receded from the breach. Stage transitions were identified via curvature extrema of Rv, with the key inflection point T1—marking the onset of rapid collapse—being highly sensitive to flood level and breach location. A double-sigmoid superposition model was introduced to fit Rv. Compared with conventional sigmoid models, it achieved higher accuracy in capturing asymmetry and early-stage dynamics, and offered improved prediction of critical warning times. The findings highlighted the necessity of monitoring not only high flood levels but also long-duration low-level inundation, particularly for concealed funnel-type collapses, where subsurface damage could develop unnoticed. This work contributed decision-support indicators for early warning and prevention of flood-induced urban road collapses.
Keywords:
Flood
Road collapse
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Discrete element method (DEM)
Simulation
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