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Evolving HPV diagnostics: current practice and future frontiers
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DOI：10.3389/fcimb.2025.1681779.png)
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Abstract
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection serves as a primary causative agent of cervical cancer; highlighting the importance of early screening and detection in mitigating the incidence and mortality rates of HPV-related diseases. Over the past decades; HPV detection technologies have evolved considerably; transitioning from traditional methods to more advanced; patient-centered approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both established and emerging HPV detection strategies; with a particular focus on their clinical applicability; technical advantages; and limitations. Conventional methods such as hybrid capture and PCR-based assays remain the backbone of clinical screening; offering robust sensitivity and specificity. However; their reliance on invasive sampling and centralized laboratory infrastructure limits accessibility and patient compliance; particularly in low-resource settings. To address these limitations; emerging technologies—including CRISPR/Cas systems; droplet digital PCR (ddPCR); next-generation sequencing (NGS); isothermal amplification techniques (IAT) and artificial intelligence (AI) combined with hpv screening offer enhanced accuracy; rapid turnaround; and the potential for point-of-care deployment. In parallel; innovations in sampling such as self-collected vaginal swabs and liquid biopsy using urine; blood; or extracellular vesicles are improving test acceptability and broadening screening coverage. By summarizing current progress and highlighting ongoing challenges; this review aims to guide the development of more precise; non-invasive; and scalable HPV detection strategies to reduce the global burden of HPV-related disease; support global prevention efforts; and guide public health policies.
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