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Experimental analysis of fire characteristics of used electric vehicle battery systems relevant to maritime transport
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DOI：10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104907.png)
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Abstract
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• Full-scale fire tests were conducted on used EVs under maritime transport conditions. • Thermal runaway behavior varied with battery aging, chemistry, and state of charge. • Battery pack tests showed localized and stepwise thermal runaway propagation. • A full-scale EV at SOC 20 % showed no spontaneous large-scale fire escalation. • EV-Drill lance suppression effectively limited heat release and prevented re-ignition.
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