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Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of compression–shear behavior of rubble stone masonry joints in Tibetan watchtowers considering irregular joint morphology
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DOI：10.1016/j.cscm.2026.e06385.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
To investigate the influence of irregular joint configurations on the shear performance of rubble masonry in Tibetan watchtowers, a series of compression–shear tests were carried out on six groups of specimens under eighteen loading conditions. Agisoft Metashape was used to acquire three-dimensional morphological data of the joint surfaces, and digital reconstruction was performed in MATLAB to establish geometric models of irregular joints. By comparing the shear responses of regular and irregular joints under different normal force levels, the additional roughness-induced interlocking contribution of irregular joints was estimated relative to a macroscopic friction-dominated regular-joint reference. The experimental results indicate that the contact area varies continuously with displacement rather than remaining constant; surface undulations influence force transfer through the redistribution of contact points, leading to variations in shear performance. Furthermore, changes in normal force significantly alter the degree of contact and the strength of the interlocking action. Based on the experimental data and nonlinear regression analysis, a geometric model incorporating variations in geometric parameters and normal force was developed to calculate the mechanical interlocking force. The results show that the calibrated model provides a reasonable description of the available experimental data, with the discrepancy between calculated and experimental values generally within 20%. This provides a preliminary mechanics-based basis for understanding the compression–shear behavior of irregular rubble masonry joints.
Keywords:
Rubble masonry
Irregular joints
Shear performance
Mechanical interlocking
Surface roughness
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