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Experimental investigation of residual stress in cold metal transfer welded cold-formed steel built-up channel section
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DOI：10.1016/j.istruc.2026.112176.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study investigates the residual stress (RS) distribution of Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welded cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up channel sections. Using non-destructive X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), a total of 1080 measurements were conducted at three fabrication stages—flat sheets, after press-braking, and after CMT welding—across three welding currents (140 A, 150 A, 160 A), with each point measured twice for accuracy. Flat specimens exhibited low-magnitude, irregular RS. Bending introduced a notable increase in RS, with localized peaks near bent regions, but the overall distribution remained irregular. In contrast, welded specimens revealed distinct and repeatable RS patterns: compression–tension–compression (C–T–C) in flanges and tension–compression–tension (T–C–T) in webs, which were more pronounced at higher currents and satisfied self-equilibrium. Overall, CMT welding significantly alters RS profiles in CFS built-up sections, underscoring the need to incorporate realistic RS distributions into design due to their influence on local and global buckling behavior. The validated C–T–C and T–C–T patterns provide a robust foundation for performance-based design and promote sustainable construction using CFS members. This study contributes a reliable RS database for welded CFS built-up members, and future research should explore the effects of section geometry, material thickness, and broader welding parameters to generalize the proposed RS patterns.
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