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Experimental investigation on thermal expansion of hot-rolled steels during whole fire process
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DOI：10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104905.png)
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Abstract
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This study experimentally investigates the thermal expansion behaviour of Q355, Q460, and Q690 hot-rolled steels during the whole process of fire, with the effects of peak heating temperature (Tp) and heating-cooling rate being considered. The results show similar heating-phase thermal expansion curves of the three steels: starting with an initial linear growth of thermal expansion up to Ac1 , followed by a decline between Ac1 and Ac3 , and a subsequent linear increase beyond Ac3 . The heating and cooling rates exhibit minimal impact on the overall thermal expansion curves. However, the cooling-phase thermal expansion behaviour is significantly influenced by Tp. When Tp exceeds Ac1 , the expansion curves at the cooling stage are notably lower than those at the heating stage, and the discrepancy between them increases with higher Tp. Besides, the cooling-phase behaviour is affected by steel strength, with the inflection points ( Ar3 and Ar1 ) of the cooling curves for Q355, Q460, and Q690 steels gradually decrease as steel strength increases. Moreover, at temperatures below Ac1 , the experimental values align closely with the recommended values from standards EC3 and ASCE. However, beyond Ac1 , the discrepancy between experimental results and recommended values during the cooling phase is substantial, rendering the standards inapplicable. Based on the experimental results, a semi-empirical model is proposed to describe thermal expansion during the whole process of fire, providing practical reference for fire resistance analysis and design of steel structures.
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