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Experimental modeling of pulmonary fibrosis and combined emphysema in mice using repeated doses of bleomycin and cigarette smoke extract
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DOI：10.1016/j.pupt.2025.102376.png)
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Abstract
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A high prevalence of smoking among idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients increases the risk of emphysema. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) occurs predominantly in males, characterized by severe exercise-induced dyspnea, decreased diffusing capacity, and increased lung cancer risk. The exclusion of CPFE patients from clinical studies has limited understanding of its pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. This study aimed to close this knowledge gap by comparing CPFE with pure IPF in animal models, with the intent of developing phenotype-directed therapeutic strategies.
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