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Experimental models of osteoarthritis: Advances, limitations and rational selection for translational research
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OA
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DOI：10.1016/j.jot.2026.101188.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative joint disease driven by mechanical overload, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and aging. Despite substantial advances in basic and translational research, no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) have been approved for clinical use, largely due to the translational gap between preclinical experimental models and clinical practice. Experimental models are essential tools for investigating OA pathophysiology and evaluating therapeutic strategies, among which animal models play an irreplaceable role in recapitulating the in vivo joint environment. This review comprehensively evaluates current OA experimental models, with a focus on animal systems, including surgically induced structural instability, mechanically induced models, chemical induction approaches, metabolism-related models, spontaneous aging models, and genetically modified strains. We assess each model's advantages, limitations, and appropriate applications, clarifying their ability to reflect specific OA subtypes. Moreover, we summarize recent progress in in vitro platforms, ex vivo tissue explants, and emerging technologies such as organ-on-a-chip and organoid models, which provide complementary insights to animal models. This review aims to establish a rational model selection framework aligned with OA pathological features, thereby bridging the preclinical-clinical translational gap and facilitating the development of effective therapeutics.
Keywords:
Animal models
In vitro models
Model selection
Organ-on-a-chip
Organoids
Osteoarthritis
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