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Extracellular matrix-inspired 4D SMART biomaterials for bioprinting in tissue engineering
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DOI：10.36922/IJB025440447.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Tissue development and regeneration arise from a dynamic interplay among cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and surrounding biophysical and biochemical cues. These interactions form the basis for stimuli-responsive materials for advanced regenerative technologies (SMART) that drive innovation in four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting for tissue engineering.This review discusses the biophysical foundations of SMART materials, emphasizing native ECM components, their interactions, and organ-specific properties that inform biomimetic material design. We highlight recent advances in 4D SMART systems, including ionic self-healing, pH-, thermal-, hydration-, and magneto-responsive materials, and their roles in mimicking developmental and regenerative processes. This is followed by a comparative overview of these stimuli-responsive material classes, benchmarked against one another, native ECM performance, and clinical translation requirements, revealing persistent gaps in long-term stability, multi-stimuli integration, and regulatory feasibility. Together, these insights provide an interdisciplinary framework for designing adaptive, responsive biomaterials that guide tissue morphogenesis and advance the future of regenerative medicine.
Keywords:
Biomaterials
Extracellular matrix
Four-dimensional bioprinting
Four-dimensional tissue engineering
Regenerative medicine
Stimuli-responsive materials
Journal
I
IF:
6
Papers:
666
Citations:
2.8K
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