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FAICSA-DLSTM: Character Recognition Using Firefly Algorithm based Improved Crow Search Algorithm with Dynamic Long Short-Term Memory Network
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DOI：10.1080/03772063.2025.2588636.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Handwritten and printed character recognition is crucial for various real-world applications, including pattern recognition and communication technologies. Precise character recognition is challenging due to the inability of conventional models to effectively capture long-range dependencies and sequential variations in character structures. Moreover, high dimensionality of extracted features complicates the identification of relevant information, leading to suboptimal classification performance. In order to address the aforementioned challenges, a Firefly Algorithm-based Improved Crow Search Algorithm (FAICSA) is proposed for feature optimization, integrated with a Dynamic Long Short-Term Memory (DLSTM) network for character recognition. The region of interest (ROI) containing the required character is then segmented by applying morphological operations of erosion and dilation. Feature extraction is carried out on the segmented image by integrating five techniques: ResNet-18, contour extraction, skeletonization, zoning, and statistical features. Subsequently, the dimensionality of the original extracted features is reduced using FAICSA. The features selected by FAICSA are input into the DLSTM network for character recognition. Furthermore, the Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) activation function is incorporated into the DLSTM to stabilize training by avoiding exploding gradients, thereby enhancing generalization. The FAICSA-DLSTM model achieves impressive classification accuracies of 94.60% and 99.72% on real-time and Chars74K datasets, respectively. The results obtained by the FAICSA-DLSTM model significantly outperforms existing models, including Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), sparse autoencoder, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU).
Keywords:
Binarization
Crow search algorithm
English character recognition
Firefly algorithm
Long short-term memory network
Morphological operation
Normalization
Journal
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