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Femtosecond optical breakdown in supercritical carbon dioxide
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DOI：10.1016/j.cplett.2026.142771.png)
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Abstract
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Supercritical fluids undergo changes in their properties with variations in pressure or temperature. This effect is most pronounced in the Widom delta, where the fluid exists as a heterogeneous mixture of clusters. Fluid clustering in this region leads to a non-monotonic increase by a factor of 1.6-2.75 in the optical breakdown threshold, which directly correlates with the maximum concentration of medium-sized clusters. The microstructure induces spatial separation of photoelectrons: electrons in dense cores efficiently gain energy, while electrons at boundaries diffuse into low-density regions and become unavailable for impact ionization, thereby inhibiting the avalanche cascade. This effect becomes more pronounced with longer laser pulses, during which avalanche ionization dominates.
Keywords:
Supercritical fluids
Supercritical carbon dioxide
Laser-induced plasma
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