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Flange local buckling behavior of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer box beams
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DOI：10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120765.png)
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Abstract
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Pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (PGFRP) structural members are increasingly used in civil engineering due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, their low elastic moduli and anisotropic nature make them vulnerable to several instability phenomena such as local buckling. This study investigates the flange-triggered local buckling behavior of PGFRP square and rectangular hollow section (SHS and RHS) beams through experimental, computational, and analytical approaches. Five beams with three different cross-sectional dimensions were tested under four-point bending, with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) employed to monitor deformation patterns and out-of-plane displacements. The results indicate that local buckling, triggered by the top flange, promoted failure, which was often brittle, with a post-buckling strength reserve of 12–21% for RHS, and of 3–8% for SHS beams. Two computational frameworks were used to estimate the elastic buckling response: the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Strip Method (FSM). Both computational methods showed good agreement with the experimental results, in terms of critical local buckling stress. The validated FEM models were then used to simulate progressive damage, and parametric studies were conducted on the cross-sectional aspect ratio and wall slenderness. The buckling half-wavelength was approximately equal to the flange width. Increasing the cross-sectional aspect ratio and reducing the wall slenderness significantly increased stiffness and strength, and changed the failure mode from local buckling to material tensile failure. In addition to the computational models, American (ASCE/SEI 74–23), Chinese (T/CECS 692–2020) and European (CEN/TS 19101:2022) design standards were used to predict the critical local buckling stresses and ultimate bending resistance. All standards mostly provided conservative predictions, with the Chinese and European standards providing the most accurate results.
Keywords:
Pultruded GFRP profiles
Local buckling
Square/Rectangular Hollow Sections (SHS/RHS)
Flexural behavior
4-point bending tests
Computational analysis
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