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Flexible E-textile electrodes for human-machine interfaces
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DOI：10.1016/j.mser.2026.101270.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Electrophysiological signal detection is evolving from a laboratory technique into a cornerstone for next‑generation wearable and biomedical technologies. Flexible e-textile electrodes have emerged as a promising platform for such applications because they offer a unique combination of exceptional flexibility, lightweight characteristics, breathability, and seamless garment integration. By enabling high-quality, real‑time acquisition and transmission of bioelectrical signals, e‑textile electrodes pave the way for precise and continuous health monitoring, responsive rehabilitation systems, and intelligent human-machine and brain-computer interfaces (HMIs and BCIs). This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of recent advances in flexible e-textile electrodes, with emphasis on their working principles, key performance factors, and evaluation standards. Progress in structural design, novel materials, and scalable fabrication strategies are systematically analyzed to reveal the relationships among material selection, textile architecture, and device performance. Beyond signal detection, the multifunctionality of e-textile electrodes is emphasized, especially in multimodal e-textile sensors capable of concurrently detecting mechanical, thermal, chemical, and sensory cues, including strain, pressure, temperature, humidity, electrochemical, visual, acoustic, and tactile signals. In addition, machine learning techniques for HMI applications and electrodes design are also evaluated. This review further discusses current limitations and future directions, underscoring how the convergence of materials science, textile engineering, and bioelectronics is shaping soft, breathable, multifunctional e-textile electrodes for next generation wearable healthcare and intelligent interface systems.
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