Freeform optics for imaging

doi:10.1364/OPTICA.413762

Freeform optics for imaging

2021-01-29

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AI

Konstantinos Falaggis

DOI：10.1364/OPTICA.413762

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In the last 10 years, freeform optics has enabled compact and high-performance imaging systems. This article begins with a brief history of freeform optics, focusing on imaging systems, including marketplace emergence. The development of this technology is motivated by the clear opportunity to enable science across a wide range of applications, spanning from extreme ultraviolet lithography to space optics. Next, we define freeform optics and discuss concurrent engineering that brings together design, fabrication, testing, and assembly into one process. We then lay out the foundations of the aberration theory for freeform optics and emerging design methodologies. We describe fabrication methods, emphasizing deterministic computer numerical control grinding, polishing, and diamond machining. Next, we consider mid-spatial frequency errors that inherently result from freeform fabrication techniques. We realize that metrologies of freeform optics are simultaneously sparse in their existence but diverse in their potential. Thus, we focus on metrology techniques demonstrated for the measurement of freeform optics. We conclude this review with an outlook on the future of freeform optics. (C) 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

Keywords:

FREQUENCY SURFACE ERRORS

WAVE-FRONT

ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY

SUBSURFACE DAMAGE

ABERRATION FIELDS

SHAPE-DESCRIPTION

MATERIAL REMOVAL

STREHL RATIO

DESIGN

SYSTEMS

Freeform optics for imaging

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