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From Food to Function: Nutraceutical-Based Modulation of Mitochondrial, Inflammatory, and Epigenetic Networks in Retinal Neurodegeneration.
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DOI：10.1016/j.arr.2026.103288.png)
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Abstract
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• Retinal neurodegenerative diseases converge on an integrated cellular stress network involving mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER proteostasis failure, neuroinflammation, and epigenetic dysregulation. • Mitochondria–ER crosstalk serves as a key pathogenic axis, intensifying metabolic stress, proteotoxicity, and inflammatory signaling in retinal cells. • Nutraceuticals function as multi-target modulators, simultaneously regulating Nrf2, NF-κB, SIRT1, and AMPK pathways to enhance retinal resilience. • Clinical translation remains limited by poor bioavailability, model-system gaps, and pharmacokinetic constraints, highlighting the need for optimized delivery strategies. • The gut-retina axis and microbiome-dependent metabolism contribute to inter-individual variability in nutraceutical efficacy. • Emerging approaches, including precision nutrition, combination therapies, and nanocarrier-based delivery systems, offer opportunities to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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