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From fragmented neurotechnologies to closed-loop brain health systems: integrating artificial intelligence; digital health; digital twins; and advanced materials for brain disorders
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DOI：10.3389/fbioe.2026.1904561.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Brain disorders have traditionally been managed through fragmented clinical pathways in which diagnosis; monitoring; intervention; and long-term follow-up are treated as separate processes. This paradigm is increasingly insufficient for conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; stroke; traumatic brain injury; glioma; epilepsy; and neuropsychiatric disorders; whose trajectories are dynamic; heterogeneous; and strongly shaped by biological; behavioral; environmental; and health-system factors. Recent advances in artificial intelligence; digital health; digital twin modeling; and advanced biomaterials provide an opportunity to move beyond isolated technological applications toward integrated brain health systems. In this Perspective; we argue that the major translational opportunity is not simply to apply artificial intelligence to neuroimaging; use wearable devices for neurological monitoring; or develop biomaterials for brain repair in parallel. Rather; the field should aim to build closed-loop systems in which computational models identify disease states; digital platforms continuously update patient trajectories; and advanced materials deliver adaptive therapeutic or regenerative interventions. We propose that future progress depends on three related shifts: moving from episodic diagnosis to longitudinal brain-state modeling; redefining advanced materials as programmable therapeutic interfaces rather than passive carriers; and evaluating success at the level of health-system integration rather than single-device performance. This framework may help reorient brain disease innovation from fragmented neurotechnologies toward clinically deployable; patient-specific; and dynamically adaptive brain health systems.
Keywords:
artificial intelligence
digital health
neurodegeneration
digital twin
blood–brain barrier
brain disease
advanced biomaterials
health system innovation
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