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From markers to mechanisms: a comprehensive review of major genes and quantitative trait loci shaping the modern sheep (Ovis aries)
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DOI：10.3389/fgene.2026.1865980.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
One of the most important agricultural industries in the world is sheep (Ovis aries); considering essential resources such as meat; milk; and wool. Genetic and genomics innovations have significantly improved the efficiency and sustainability of sheep production; which requires a thorough knowledge of the genetic basis of economically relevant traits that are controlled. This is a comprehensive review of the historical development of sheep genetics; from basic stages in the use of microsatellite markers in linkage mapping to the current environment of high-throughput genotyping methods; whole-genome sequencing; and GS (Genomic Selection); which collectively form the basis of contemporary improvement programs. The review is organized by major trait categories; which include growth and body composition; reproduction and fertility; wool quality; and disease resistance. The major genes and QTL (Quantitative trait loci) of each category are defined and described; as well as their biological roles; molecular mechanisms; and their usage in modern breeding solutions are discussed. The most important methodologies that enable these discoveries are elucidated; including linkage analysis; GWAS (Genome-wide association studies); RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq); and newly emerging multi-omics approaches. Comparative studies also show that there are conserved genetic processes and structures in various sheep breeds and other livestock species; specifically cattle; which indicates species-specific and common regulatory pathways. Rather than claiming to be an exhaustive historical record; this narrative review synthesizes major advances in sheep genetic mapping; functional genomics; and GS relevant to economically important traits. By critically evaluating the strength of evidence; mapping resolution; and practical breeding applications; this work aims to provide researchers; breeders; and students with a balanced; evidence-based resource to guide future genomic improvements in sustainable sheep production.
Keywords:
multi-omics
reproduction
GWAS
RNA-sequencing
disease resistance
genomic selection
linkage mapping
growth traits
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